Desigualdad e ingreso básico universal: El caso de Ecuador
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Dec 27, 2025
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Desigualdad, Modelos de equilibrio general computable
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Abstract
La pandemia de la COVID-19 renovó el interés en el ingreso básico universal (IBU) como una herramienta para mitigar los impactos de las múltiples crisis. Aunque las ventajas del IBU son ampliamente conocidas —es universal, incondicional y suficiente—, es necesario realizar estudios específicos por país para analizar sus condiciones particulares. Este artículo examina las implicaciones de adoptar una política de IBU en Ecuador. En este contexto, se analizan los efectos del IBU sobre la desigualdad de ingresos y la economía utilizando un modelo de equilibrio general computable. Los principales hallazgos muestran que los escenarios focalizados reducen más la desigualdad que los universales. Además, se observa que los escenarios universales impulsan la actividad económica más que los focalizados. No obstante, a pesar de los resultados positivos de este análisis, la implementación estricta de un programa de IBU en Ecuador no parece factible en el corto plazo debido a las complejas condiciones económicas, sociales y políticas existentes.
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Salazar Méndez, Y., Ramírez, J., & Bonilla-Bolaños, A. (2025). Desigualdad e ingreso básico universal: El caso de Ecuador. Cuestiones Económicas, 35(2), Autores: Yasmín Salazar Méndez, José Ramírez y Andrea Bonilla. https://doi.org/10.47550/RCE/35.2.4
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References
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Cuesta, J., & Pico, J. (2020). The gendered poverty effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia. European Journal of Development Research, 32(5), 1558–1591. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-020-00328-2
CSŐSZ, Csongor. (2025). THE ECONOMICS OF UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME. Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law. 33. 142- 153. 10.47743/jopafl-2024-33-10.
Dabla-Norris, E., Kochhar, K., Suphaphiphat, N., Ricka, F., & Tsounta, E. (2015). Inequality: causes and consequences: A global perspective (International Monetary Fund).
Kochhar, K., Suphaphiphat, N., Ricka, F., & Tsounta, E. (2015). Causes and consequences of income inequality: A global perspective. International Monetary Fund.
Daruich, D., & Fernández, R. (2020). Universal Basic Income: A dynamic assessment. National Bureau of Economic Research (Working Paper No. 27351). National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w27351.pdf
De Paz Báñez, Manuela A. & Asensio Coto, María & Sánchez López, Celia & Aceytuno Pérez, María-Teresa. (2020). Is there empirical evidence on how the implementation of a Universal Basic Income (UBI) affects labor supply? A systematic review. Sustainability, 12(22), Article 9459. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229459
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De Wispelaere, J., Morales, L., & Waltenberg, F. (2024) Basic income as a pandemic social protection instrument: Lessons from Maricá, Brazil. International Social Security Review, 77, 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12352.
Echeverría, W. S. A. (2021). Ex ante evaluation of the basic income in Ecuador: Effects on poverty and inequality. Trimestre Economico, 88(351), 807–830. https://doi.org/10.20430/ETE.V88I351.1142
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ECLAC. (2022). Social panorama of Latin America, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/11362/47718 Inequality and Universal Basic Income: The case of Ecuador
Falconí, F., Hidalgo, E., & Oleas, J. (2020). Renta básica universal. Fundación Pachamama.
Filgueira, F., Galindo, L. M., Giambruno, C., & Blofield, M. (s.f.). América Latina ante la crisis del COVID-19: Vulnerabilidad socioeconómica y respuesta social (Vol. 238) Políticas Sociales.
Gachet, I., Grijalva, D.F., Ponce, P.A. et al. Vertical and Horizontal Inequality in Ecuador: The Lack of Sustainability. Soc Indic Res 145, 861–900 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1810-2
Galletta, S., & Giommoni, T. (2022). The effect of the 1918 influenza pandemic on income inequality: Evidence from Italy. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 104(1), 187–203. https://doi.org/10,1162/rest_a_01075
Gentilini, U., Grosh, M., Rigolini, J., & Yemtsov, R. (2020). Exploring Universal Basic Income : A guide to navigating concepts, evidence, and practices. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/32677
Hausmann, R., & Klinger, B. (2010). Structural transformation in Ecuador.
Hensher, M. (2020). COVID-19, unemployment, and health: Time for deeper solutions? BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 371, m3687. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3687 Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC). (2018). Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición ENSANUT.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC). (2019). Encuesta Nacional De Empleo, Desempleo Y Subempleo (ENEMDU).
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Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC). (2022, enero). Boletín de pobreza, ingreso y desigualdad – diciembre 2021. https://www. ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/documentos/web-inec/POBREZA/2021/Diciembre-2021/202112_Boletin_pobreza.pdf.
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Johnson, M. T., Johnson, E. A., Webber, L., & Nettle, D. (2020). Mitigating social and economic sources of trauma: The need for universal basic income during the coronavirus pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, S191–S192. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000739
Kapeliushnikov, R. I. (n.d.). Universal Basic Income: Does it have a future? Voprosy Ekonomiki, 2020(8), 95–127. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2020-8-95-127
Kerstenetzky, C. (n.d.). Desigualdade econômica: porque se importar com ela. CELIA KERSTENETZKY-UFRJ.
Kochhar, K., Suphaphiphat, N., Ricka, F., & Tsounta, E. (2015). Causes and consequences of income inequality: A global perspective. International Monetary Fund.
Lacey, A. (2017). Universal Basic Income as development solution? Global Social Policy, 17(1), 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468018116684269 Langridge, Nicholas (2024)Unconditional Basic Income and a degrowth transition: Adding empirical rigour to radical visions. Futures, 159, ISSN 0016-3287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2024.103375.
León, M., Rosero, J., & Vos, R. (2008). El reto de alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo del milenio en Ecuador: Un análisis de equilibrio general de los requerimientos de financiamiento. Secretaría Técnica del Ministerio de Coordinación de Desarrollo Social.
Magnani, R., & Piccoli, L. (2020). Universal Basic Income with flat tax reform in France. Journal of Policy Modeling, 42(2), 235–249. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2019.07.005
Marinescu, Iona 2018. No Strings Attached: The Behavioral Effects of U.S. Unconditional Cash Transfer Programs, NBER Working Papers 24337, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Milanovic, B. (2016). Income inequality is cyclical. Nature, 537(7621), 479–482. https://doi.org/10.1038/537479a
Moncagatta, P., & Pazmiño, M. (2025). A tale of a failed recovery: Ecuador’s democratic stagnation. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 712(1), 137-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162241312518 (Original work published 2024)
Narayan, A., Cojocaru, A., Agrawal, S., Bundervoet, T., Davalos, M., Garcia, N., Lakner, C., Gerszon Mahler, D., Talledo, V. M., Ten, A., & Yonzan, N. (n.d.). COVID-19 and economic inequality: Short-term impacts with long-term consequences.
Nettle, D., Johnson, E., Johnson, M., & Saxe, R. (2021). Why has the COVID-19 pandemic increased support for Universal Basic Income? Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00760-7
Orellana, M., Mendieta Muñoz, R., Rodríguez, S., Vanegas, S., & Segovia, J. (2023). The business cycle in Ecuador: An analysis of stylised facts before Inequality and Universal Basic Income: The case of Ecuador and after dollarisation. Global Business and Economics Review, 28(2), 298.10.1504/GBER.2023.130009.
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